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Phospholipids play a crucial role in enhancing the bioavailability of drugs through several mechanisms:

1.Improving Drug Solubility and Dispersion

·Emulsification and Dispersion: phospholipids possess excellent emulsifying and dispersing properties, helping drugs to disperse and dissolve better in the gastrointestinal tract. This increases the contact area between the drug and the intestinal mucosa, thereby improving drug absorption efficiency.

·Formation of Nanoparticles or Liposomes: Phospholipids can combine with drugs to form nanoscale drug particles or liposomes. This not only enhances the stability of the drug but also increases the contact area between the drug and intestinal cells, facilitating drug absorption.

2.Protecting Drugs from Degradation

·Forming a Protective Barrier: Phospholipids can form a protective barrier on the drug surface, preventing the drug from being degraded by enzymes or other factors in the gastrointestinal tract. This is especially important for drugs sensitive to specific enzymes, significantly improving their stability.

·Delaying Renal Excretion: Due to the larger molecular weight of phospholipid-conjugated drugs, the renal excretion rate of the drug can be delayed, maintaining an effective concentration of the drug in the body for a longer period, thus enhancing the bioavailability of the drug.

3.Enhancing Drug Absorption

·Increasing Positive Charge: Phospholipids can increase the positive charge on the drug surface, enhancing the drug's adsorption capacity to intestinal cells. This adsorption can promote the transport of the drug through intestinal cells, thereby improving drug absorption efficiency.

·Promoting Intercellular Transfer: The amphiphilic nature of phospholipid molecules in phospholipid complexes helps in shuttling and transferring the phospholipid complex across intestinal epithelial cell membranes, promoting the drug's entry into the bloodstream.

4.Application of Phospholipid Complex Technology

·Phytosome® Technology: This is a patented technology that improves bioavailability by combining dietary components (such as lecithin). Active ingredients like polyphenols can form tight complexes with the charged phospholipid phosphate groups through hydrogen bonding and dipole interactions, significantly enhancing the bioavailability of the active ingredients.

·Clinical Trial Verification: Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the significant effectiveness of phospholipid complex technology in improving drug bioavailability. For example, curcumin phospholipid complex formulations have shown excellent plasma absorption effects of curcumin; green tea phospholipid complexes have also shown good clinical effects in weight reduction and blood lipid improvement.

Phospholipids improve drug bioavailability through various mechanisms such as improving drug solubility and dispersion, protecting drugs from degradation, enhancing drug absorption capacity, and the application of phospholipid complex technology. These mechanisms collectively make phospholipids an indispensable component in drug formulations.